مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 58، زمستان 1398)

Based on the theories of etiology of self-injury behaviors, several psychological and social multivariate models have been investigated to predict self-injury behaviors in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self–criticism and distress tolerance in relationship between attachment styles and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors in adolescents.

This study was a descriptive-correlational study with structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of all high school students in Kashmar city in the years 2018-2019. Initially, a sample of 700 students was selected among all high school students were selected by multistage cluster sampling, but the final analysis was performed on 292 students who reported at least one experience of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Data were collected using Deliberate Self–Harm Inventory (DSHI), Childhood Attachment to Each Parent Scale (CAEPS), Distress Tolerance Scale (DES) and Forms of-Self– Criticism/Attacking & Self-Reassuring (FSCRS) and were analyzed in SPSS and LISREL software by using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the relationship between attachment styles and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors mediated by self-criticism and distress tolerance. The amount of fit indices of GFI, CFI, NFI, IFI, NNFI, AGFI, RFI and RMSEA were equal to 0.94, 0.93, 0.90, 0.93, 0.90, 0.90, 0.89 and 0.071, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed model fits the data well. The findings of the study showed that 34% of the observed variance in non-suicidal self-injury behaviors can be explained through a combination of parent attachment, self-criticism and distress tolerance.

The findings of this study confirmed the mediating role of self-criticism and distress tolerance in the relationship between attachment styles and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Thus, it seems necessary for experts, therapists and planners when working with adolescents and specifically in counseling and treatment centers to consider the role of these mediating variables.

The World Health Organization stressed on the importance of social health as well as physical health, so social health has become the common concern of sociologists and social planners in each community. The present study was conducted to determine the role of irrational beliefs, mindfulness and perceived social support in predicting the social health in diabetic patients.

This study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all type 2 diabetes patients referred to the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ardabil in 2019. One hundred twnety patients were selected by convenience sampling method. For data collection, the irrational beliefs scale, mindfulness scale, multidimensional scale of perceived social support and social health scale were used. Data analysis was made using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression and using SPSS version 16 software.

According to the results a significant relationship was observed between irrational beliefs (r=-0.54, p<0.05) and mindfulness (r=0.51, p<0.05) with social health in diabetic patients. Also, a significant relationship was observed between social support perceived by the family (r=0.64, p<0.05), friends (r=0.62, p<0.05) and others (r=0.59, p<0.05) with social health in diabetic patients. The results of multiple regression indicated that irrational beliefs, mindfulness and perceived social support predict a total of 0.60 in social health among the diabetic patients (p<0.05).

According to the results of this study, irrational beliefs, mindfulness and perceived social support are effective in improving the social health in patients with type 2 diabetes patients.

Diabetes is a factor of many physical and psychological disorders. Nowadays, the concept of adherence in diseases be attention and has been developed due to changing the illness pattern from acute to chronic, changing its ideology from cure to prevention, limited economical resource and shortening the Duration of hospitalization of patients. In order to, the aim of this study was to survey of effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on health related beliefs among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: research method was semi experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. From patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to Assaluyeh health centers, 30 subjects were selected purposely and were assigned in control and experimental groups randomly (15 subjects each group). To collect the data the Health Beliefs Questionnaire (HBQ) was used. The data analyzed using MANCOVA.

Results of data analyzing showed that acceptance and commitment therapy on health related beliefs of patients with diabetes type 2 is effective (p<.05).

Results of the research showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on health related beliefs. Theoretical and practical considerations of the results showed that the ACT as an effective therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes in medical centers could be applied.

 Spouse abuse is one of the major health crises in the world, which simultaneously threatens people's physical and mental health. The World Health Organization has reported that spousal abuse is more prevalent in the form of violence against women in families, with one out of every three women being physically, sexually or otherwise abused in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the Effectiveness of Imago relationship training on Negative Marital Attitudes in Couples with Emotional spouse abuse.

This research was based on objective, applied and, in terms of data type, quantitative. In terms of research design, the present study was a semi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test design with control group. In this study, population was the couples were afflicted with spouse abuse in Isfahan city in the year 96. The sample consisted of 16 couples (32 people) who were purposefully selected based on the criteria for including and excluding and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.

 The results of multivariate and one-variable covariance analysis showed that Imago relationship training in the experimental group significantly decreased negative marital attitudes in comparison with the control group.

 Regarding the effect of Imago relationship training on negative marital attitudes, it is suggested that the therapists include the main components of this treatment in working with couples with a spouse's problem.

The attitude of parents to their children's sexual education has an effect on their sexual behavior and interaction with their children. No specific measurement tool has ever been developed to evaluate and measure this matter. The aim of present study was to develop a parental sexual education style questionnaire and determine its psychometric criteria.

The used research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of present study included parents residing in Behshahr city with children ranging in age from 4 to 12 years old. Among them, 500 individuals were selected as sample. The required data were gathered through three questionnaires including Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSQ), Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) and Parental Sexual Education Style Questionnaire (PSEQ). The gathered data were analyzed using Cranach’s alpha coefficient, correlation coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis.

Three factors were extracted from the results of confirmatory factor analysis, including strict sexual education style, permissive sexual education style and authoritative education style. In general, all 3 factors were able to explain 50.32% of variance related to 33 items of the questionnaire. The value of Cranach’s alpha coefficient was obtained equal to 0.751 for whole of the questionnaire. Also, the value of Cranach’s alpha for the first three components was equal to 0.739, 0.765 and 0.751, respectively. The Varimax rotation matrix showed that all questions are applicable to the extracted styles.

Parental sexual education styles questionnaire has proper reliability and validity, and can be used as a useful tool for measuring parental sexual education styles.

 The inability to have a child is stressful, causes psychological distress and acts as a powerful factor in relationships between couples and family strengths. The aim of the present study was investigate to the effectiveness of self-compassion focused therapy on marital self-regulation, marital burnout, and self-criticism in infertile women.

This study was an applied and quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of infertile women who referred to infertility centers in the cities of Chalus and Noshahr between June and September 2018. Among them, 30 people were selected and divided into experimental and control. Experimental groups received self-compassion-focused therapy (for ten 60-min sessions), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The Self-Regulation for Effective Relationships Scale (SRERS), Marital Burnout Questionnaire (MBQ) and Self-Criterion Questionnaires (SCQ) were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 in two parts: descriptive and inferential (multivariate analysis of covariance).

 The results showed that self-compassion focused therapy had a significant effect on marital self-regulation (F=8.17, p<0.001), marital burnout (F=52.52, p<0.001), and self-criticism (F=64.99, p<0.001) in infertile women.

 It can be concluded that self-compassion focused therapy was effective in improving marital self-regulation, marital burnout, and self-esteem in infertile women.

Parenting stress is one of the various effects that specific learning disorder has on parents. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of parenting program based on the lived experiences of mothers of children with specific learning disorder and positive parenting program on mothers’ parenting stress.

The research employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with the control group. The sample consisted of 45 mothers of children with specific learning disorder who were selected via the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The research instrument was the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Data were analyzed by MANCOVA and using SPSS version 23 software

The research findings showed that both interventions had a significant effect on parenting stress. The results of the posttest showed that there was a significant difference between the two interventions of lived experiences parenting and positive parenting in the parenting stress variable in the children’s realm, but there was no significant difference in the parenting stress variable in the parents’ domain.

Parenting program based on lived experiences can be used as an effective program to reduce mothers’ parenting stress.

Disease in individual with cancer is a major source of distress for caregivers. Therefore, the aim of present study was to modeling the relationship between worry processes with symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of individuals with cancer.

This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all caregivers of individuals with cancer in Mashhad city. Two hundred of caregivers of indiv iduals with cancer were selected through convenience sampling. The tools of this study include Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed by SPSS24, using Pearson correlation test and path analysis.

The results showed that there are a significant relation between worry processes such as intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance and worry about worry (meta-worry) with symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of cancer patients, but there is no relationship between cognitive avoidance and symptoms of depression and insomnia. Intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance and worry about worry were predictors of depression, whereas intolerance of uncertainty predicted insomnia. The modified model for predicting the symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of individual with cancer based on worry processes had a good fit.

The results of this study support the role of worry processes in the symptoms of depression and insomnia in caregivers of cancer patients

Dental anxiety is one of the important reasons for people to avoid dental care. The exacerbation of symptoms can be due to difficulty in cognitive emotion regulation; therefore, treatment is needed to improve cognitive emotion regulation and to reduce symptoms; Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based therapy on cognitive emotion regulation and severity of symptoms in Dental Anxiety Patients.

A clinical trial study was performed on patients with dental anxiety. Thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 10 weekly sessions of 90 minutes for two and a half months under acceptance and commitment based on t he Hayes model presented. The control group was on the waiting list. Dental Anxiety Questionnaire (DAI) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to evaluate the dependent variables and the questionnaire (SCL-90-R) and pulse oximeter were used as screening tools. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS software.

According to the results, the mean and standard deviation of dental anxiety in the pretest of the experimental group was 121.3 ± 10.5 which were upgraded to post-test and follow-up respectively 89.1 ± 7.8 and 87.9 ± 8.1 which was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Also the mean and standard deviation of positive cognitive adjustment in the pretest of the experimental group was 41.12 ± 5.40 which were upgraded to post-test and follow-up respectively 46.81 ± 5.75 and 47.37 ± 5.80 which was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Mean and standard deviation of negative cognitive adjustment in pretest of experimental group was 30.37 ± 3.51 which were upgraded to post-test and follow-up respectively 34.37 ± 4.22 and 35.31 ± 3.87 which was statistically significant (P<0.0001). In addition, the difference between dental anxiety scores, positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the whole study sample and the difference scores of these variables in the three stages of the study were significant in the two groups (p<0.0001).

Acceptance and commitment therapy is a promising intervention to improve cognitive emotion regulation and reduce the severity of symptoms of dental anxiety patients

Death anxiety plays an important role in panic disorder. Women with panic disorder experience higher death anxiety than other types of anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of death anxiety and the strategies to deal with that in women with panic disorder.

This study was conducted using the underlying theory approach. Date was collected by semi- structured interviews with 13 women with panic disorder. The data was analyzed using Strauss and Corbin methods, which included open, axial and selective coding.

Findings of the causes of death anxiety included 4 main categories: (related to oneself, related to others, nature of death, related to the Afterword) and also contains 7 initial concepts: (revealing human weakness, stopping of life, death of loved ones, destiny of loved ones, dying process, lack of there recognition of death and afterwards and the punishment for the sins). Their strategies of confronting included two main categories: (avoidance strategies, consolation strategies) plus that seven basic concepts are also engaged: (limiting relationships, avoiding situations related to death, considering God’s mercy, abandoning the idea of death, charity, promising positive ideas to oneself, staying in fear).

In addition to self- related factors, factors related to others, the unknown nature of death and the afterlife were involved in causing death anxiety in women with panic disorder. They use avoidant and repressive solutions that do not provide them with sufficient effectiveness.

The purpose of this study was to compare metacognitive therapy and its techniques (attention training, Situational attention refocusing), and acceptance and commitment therapy on the mind wandering adolescents. The research method was experimental and the statistical population included 20837 adolescent girls in second grade secondary schools of Karaj in the academic year 1396-1397. A randomized multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 70 people who had the lowest score in the amount of wandering mindedness based on the measurement tool of the wandering minds of Marazik et al. (2013). They were randomly assigned to five groups based on the criteria of the research. they got. Metacognitive Therapies, Attention training, Situational attention refocusing, (Mohamad KHani, 2013) and Acceptance and Commitment therapy (Bond, Hayes, 2014) During 10 Sessions A weekly, 90-Minute test was performed individually for experimental groups. Data were analyzed using one-way covariance analysis. The results showed that all four treatments are effective in decreasing the amount of mentally minded adolescents, and the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy is more than other treatments. This effect was also sustained in the 3-month follow-up phase.

Based on different theoretical explanations of the theory of social exchange increasing positive exchanges and decreasing negative exchanges is inherent in all approaches to intervention with couples. This study aimed to study the effect of cognitive self-compassion training on Social exchange styles among couples who were seeking divorce.

This was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follows up, as well as the control group. The study population consisted of all the couples seeking divorce who were referred to the counseling centers of Welfare Organization, Family Court and private centers in Shahreza city since April to October 2017 (N=300 couples). The sample included 30 voluntary couples that were randomly divided into two groups control and experimental. In the experimental group 10 training sessions were cond ucted with an average of 90- minutes.The participants answered to Social Exchange Styles Scale (Leybman et all, 2011) in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow up. Data were analyzed by Mixed Model ANOVA.

Cognitive self-compassion training had a significant effect on fairness (p<0.035), tracking (p<0.043), benefit-seeking (p<0.001) in the post-test and this effect remains constant after 3- months follow–up. Also the resalts showed in both post-test and follow- up in exprimental group, the mean score of fairness, tracking and benefit-seeking’s women is lower than men that showed cognitive self-compassion training significantly decreased fairness and tracking on women and improved benefit-seeking on men(p<0.001).

Since such training can be used as an effective intervention method to reduce favor equity, accurate monitoring costs and benefit, individualism and to improve overinvestment in exchange relationships between couples.

The number and variety of stressors that people face in elderly period have made it a necessity to pay attention to mental health, especially affective capital in this period. This study was administered with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of spirituality-based existentialism therapy and Islamic spiritual therapy on affective capital among elderly women.

The current study was a three group quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and two months follow up design. The sample consisted of 36 elderly women covered by Isfahan comprehensive health care centers who were selected based on convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and one control group (each group 12 person). Experimental groups were treated with spirituality-based existentialism therapy and Islamic Spiritual therapy. Affective Capital Questionnaire (ACQ) was administered to three groups in three stages of research. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance trough SPSS version 24 software.

The results of this study showed that spirituality-based existentialism therapy and Islamic spiritual therapy had significant effect on increasing affective capital.

Spirituality-based existentialism therapy and Islamic spiritual therapy are two appropriate therapies to increase the affective capital of elderly women. They attended to the sessions of these two treatments, found meaning and purpose in life and every event

AIDS is a medical and social problem that is unfortunately associated with a high prevalence in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of spirituality therapy on increasing CD4 cell and quality of life in AIDS patients.

The statistical population included all AIDS patients referred to Shahriar Health Centers in 2018. Thirty patients were selected by Convenience sampling method and were replaced in two groups of 15 each. Participants were assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and blood tests for CD4 . Subsequently, participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions (90 minutes) of spiritual therapy and the control group received no training . Data were analyzed by using analysis of analysis and SPSS version 23 software.

The results showed that spirituality therapy had a significant effect on the increase of CD4 in AIDS patients, but it did not have a significant effect on the quality of life of them.

It can be concluded that the effect of spirituality therapy on CD4 is effective. But spirituality has not been effective in improving the quality of life.

Recognizing and examining the factors that contribute to the consolidation of marriage and the social institution of the family can be a useful step towards promoting the culture of society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the model of marital commitment based on attachment styles mediated by self-differentiation.

In a correlational study, among the married students of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran in 2017, using the available sampling method, 400 persons (200 women) were selected. They participated in the study, completed the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSIR), and Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ). Data were analyzed through multiple regression in two stages in a, and b paths and c path .

Results showed that safe and anxiety attachment styles significantly explain the variance of selfdifferentiation. Also, safe and anxiety attachment styles significantly explain the variance of marital commitment. Finally, self-differentiation can significantly explain the variance of marital commitment. The results show that self-differentiation has mediator role in relationship between safe and anxiety attachment styles with marital commitment.

The results showed that since marriage and marital relationship are one of the important decisions in adulthood, focusing on attachment styles in adults can be supplemented with pre-marital education on marital commitment and continuity of relationships in couples.